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Short for Geographic Information Systems, tools used to gather, transform, manipulate, analyze, and produce information related to the surface of the Earth. This data may exist as maps, 3D virtual models, tables, and/or lists. GISs can be as complex as whole systems that use dedicated databases and workstations hooked up to a network, or as simple as "off-the-shelf" desktop software. GISs play an important role in many organizations. For instance, police and fire departments may use GISs to locate landmarks and hazards, plot destinations, and design emergency routes. GISs may also be used by governments, research institutes or any other body that can't possibly handle the task of manually processing large amounts of geographical data.
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 U.S. Geological Survey: Geographic Information Systems 
This site give a brief overview of how a GIS is used, some of the theory behind GIS operations, as well as a discussion of the various application areas of a GIS.
Geographic Information Systems
Provides an explanation of GIS design and a discussion on issues that need to be addressed by designers when implementing GISs.
ESRI GIS Mapping and Software
Provider of software, information and resource for GIS technicians.
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